Addition of magnesium chloride to enhance mono-dispersity of a coiled-coil recombinant mouse macrophage protein.

X-ray crystallography for the determination of three-dimensional structures of protein macromolecules represents an important tool in function assignment of uncharacterized proteins.

However, crystallisation is often difficult to achieve. A protein sample fully characterized in terms of dispersity may increase the likelihood of successful crystallisation by improving the predictability of the crystallisation process. To maximize the probability of crystallisation of a novel mouse macrophage protein (rMMP), target molecule was characterized and refined to improve monodispersity.

Addition of MgCl2 at low concentrations resolves the rMMP into a monodisperse solution, and finally successful crystallization of rMMP was achieved. The effect of MgCl2 was studied using gel filtration chromatography and dynamic light scattering.

Annexin V
E8ET1702-62	EnoGene	100ul	275 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V
Annv	Clemente Associates LLC	2 ML	367.5 EUR
Annexin V
ANXVCFB-200T	ImmunoStep	200 test	350.9 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome
Annexin V
ANXVDY-200T	ImmunoStep	200 test	287.1 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome
Annexin V
ANXVF-200T	ImmunoStep	200 test	259.6 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome
Annexin V
ANXVPE-200T	ImmunoStep	200 test	287.1 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome
Annexin V
abx095275-100l	Abbexa	100 µl	443.75 EUR
Annexin V
abx095275-1ml	Abbexa	1 ml	Ask for price
Annexin V
abx095275-200l	Abbexa	200 µl	Ask for price
Annexin V
MBS8534369-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	345 EUR
Annexin V
MBS8534369-01mLAF405L	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405L)	565 EUR
Annexin V
MBS8534369-01mLAF405S	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405S)	565 EUR
Annexin V
MBS8534369-01mLAF610	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF610)	565 EUR
Annexin V
MBS8534369-01mLAF635	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF635)	565 EUR
Annexin V
MBS1802274-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	305 EUR
Annexin V
MBS1802274-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	1120 EUR
Annexin V 647
E16FXP023a-100T	EnoGene	100 tests	433.33 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin A5/Annexin V Rabbit mAb
A9262	Abclonal	200μL	213.2 EUR
Description: Recombinant fusion protein containing a sequence corresponding to amino acids 165-225 of human CD79a (NP_001774.1).
Annexin A5/Annexin V Rabbit pAb
A13945	Abclonal	200μL	1246.96 EUR
Annexin A5 (Annexin V) (VAC-alpha)
MC-250	Kamiya Biomedical Company	VAA-33	Ask for price
Annexin V (PE)
abx090613-100tests	Abbexa	100 tests	644.4 EUR
Annexin V PE
EXB0027	ExBio	100 tests	198 EUR
Annexin V PE
MBS697175-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	300 EUR
Annexin V PE
MBS697175-25Tests	MyBiosource	25Tests	185 EUR
Annexin V PE
MBS697175-5x100Tests	MyBiosource	5x100Tests	1315 EUR
Annexin V PE
MBS1802118-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	305 EUR
Annexin V PE
MBS1802118-5x100Tests	MyBiosource	5x100Tests	1120 EUR
Annexin V (PE)
MBS6251357-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1(mL	860 EUR
Annexin V (PE)
MBS6251357-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	3720 EUR
Annexin V (AP)
MBS6247389-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1(mL	860 EUR
Annexin V (AP)
MBS6247389-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	3720 EUR
Annexin V (APC)
abx090615-100tests	Abbexa	100 tests	718.8 EUR
Annexin V APC
EXB0028	ExBio	100 tests	198 EUR
Annexin V (APC)
abx090615-100l	Abbexa	100 µl	537.5 EUR
Annexin V (APC)
abx090615-1ml	Abbexa	1 ml	Ask for price
Annexin V (APC)
abx090615-200l	Abbexa	200 µl	Ask for price
Annexin V APC
MBS697176-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	300 EUR
Annexin V APC
MBS697176-25Tests	MyBiosource	25Tests	185 EUR
Annexin V APC
MBS697176-5x100Tests	MyBiosource	5x100Tests	1315 EUR
Annexin V APC
MBS1802119-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	305 EUR
Annexin V APC
MBS1802119-5x100Tests	MyBiosource	5x100Tests	1120 EUR
Annexin V-PE
MBS2557008-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	200 EUR
Annexin V-PE
MBS2557008-200Tests	MyBiosource	200Tests	270 EUR
Annexin V-PE
MBS2557008-500Tests	MyBiosource	500Tests	530 EUR
Annexin V-PE
MBS2557008-50Tests	MyBiosource	50Tests	155 EUR
Annexin V-PE
MBS2557008-5x500Tests	MyBiosource	5x500Tests	2375 EUR
Annexin V-PE
MBS355221-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	470 EUR
Annexin V-PE
MBS355221-25Tests	MyBiosource	25Tests	290 EUR
Annexin V (HRP)
MBS6250329-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1(mL	860 EUR
Annexin V (HRP)
MBS6250329-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	3720 EUR
Annexin V (APC)
MBS6268247-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	860 EUR
Annexin V (APC)
MBS6268247-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	3720 EUR
Annexin V, sulforhodamine 101 conjugate (Texas-Red Annexin V)
29002	Biotium	0.5ML	332.4 EUR
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 0.5ML
Annexin V (FITC)
abx090611-100tests	Abbexa	100 tests	510 EUR
Annexin V- FITC
E16FXP018a-100T	EnoGene	100 tests	400 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V FITC
EXB0024	ExBio	100 tests	165 EUR
Annexin V FITC
MBS1802116-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	280 EUR
Annexin V FITC
MBS1802116-5x100Tests	MyBiosource	5x100Tests	1020 EUR
Annexin V-APC
MBS355217-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	540 EUR
Annexin V-APC
MBS355217-25Tests	MyBiosource	25Tests	325 EUR
Annexin V， Human
E34M143H	EnoGene	5 μg	155 EUR
Annexin V siRNA
20-abx900343	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price	15 nmol 30 nmol
Annexin V siRNA
20-abx907673	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price	15 nmol 30 nmol
Annexin V siRNA
20-abx907674	Abbexa	Ask for price Ask for price	15 nmol 30 nmol
Annexin V, Human
MBS8575300-0005mg	MyBiosource	0.005mg	245 EUR
Annexin V, Human
MBS8575300-5x0005mg	MyBiosource	5x0.005mg	940 EUR
Annexin V-FITC
MBS2557006-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	200 EUR
Annexin V-FITC
MBS2557006-200Tests	MyBiosource	200Tests	270 EUR
Annexin V-FITC
MBS2557006-500Tests	MyBiosource	500Tests	530 EUR
Annexin V-FITC
MBS2557006-50Tests	MyBiosource	50Tests	155 EUR
Annexin V-FITC
MBS2557006-5x500Tests	MyBiosource	5x500Tests	2375 EUR
Annexin V-EGFP
MBS2557010-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	200 EUR
Annexin V-EGFP
MBS2557010-200Tests	MyBiosource	200Tests	270 EUR
Annexin V-EGFP
MBS2557010-500Tests	MyBiosource	500Tests	530 EUR
Annexin V-EGFP
MBS2557010-50Tests	MyBiosource	50Tests	155 EUR
Annexin V-EGFP
MBS2557010-5x500Tests	MyBiosource	5x500Tests	2375 EUR
Annexin V-FITC
MBS355209-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	370 EUR
Annexin V-FITC
MBS355209-25Tests	MyBiosource	25Tests	250 EUR
Annexin V-AF647
MBS2557007-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	200 EUR
Annexin V-AF647
MBS2557007-200Tests	MyBiosource	200Tests	270 EUR
Annexin V-AF647
MBS2557007-500Tests	MyBiosource	500Tests	530 EUR
Annexin V-AF647
MBS2557007-50Tests	MyBiosource	50Tests	155 EUR
Annexin V-AF647
MBS2557007-5x500Tests	MyBiosource	5x500Tests	2375 EUR
Annexin V antibody
10R-7939	Fitzgerald	100 ug	444 EUR
Description: Mouse monoclonal Annexin V antibody
Annexin V antibody
20R-1522	Fitzgerald	100 ug	781.2 EUR
Description: Rabbit polyclonal Annexin V antibody
Annexin V Antibody
3357-100	Biovision	each	464.4 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
3357-30T	Biovision	each	175.2 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
49376	SAB	100ul	499 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
49376-100ul	SAB	100ul	399.6 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
49376-50ul	SAB	50ul	286.8 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
E2300787	EnoGene	100ug	225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V Antibody
DF6580	Affbiotech	200ul	420 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
DF6580-100ul	Affinity Biosciences	100ul	280 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
DF6580-200ul	Affinity Biosciences	200ul	350 EUR
Annexin V antibody
E39-09988	EnoGene	100ug/100ul	225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V Antibody
E300518	EnoGene	100ug/200ul	275 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V antibody
CAF50033-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	312 EUR
Annexin V antibody
CAF50425-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	338 EUR
Annexin V antibody
70R-13691	Fitzgerald	100 ug	519 EUR
Description: Affinity purified Rabbit polyclonal Annexin V antibody
Annexin V antibody
70R-11770	Fitzgerald	100 ug	447 EUR
Description: Rabbit polyclonal Annexin V antibody
Annexin V Antibody
F49706-0.08ML	NSJ Bioreagents	0.08 ml	140.25 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 belongs to the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins some of which have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. Annexin 5 is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel activity and a potential role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. Annexin 5 has also been described as placental anticoagulant protein I, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, endonexin II, lipocortin V, placental protein 4 and anchorin CII.
Annexin V Antibody
F49706-0.4ML	NSJ Bioreagents	0.4 ml	322.15 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 belongs to the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins some of which have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. Annexin 5 is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel activity and a potential role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. Annexin 5 has also been described as placental anticoagulant protein I, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, endonexin II, lipocortin V, placental protein 4 and anchorin CII.
Annexin V Antibody
F49707-0.08ML	NSJ Bioreagents	0.08 ml	140.25 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade. [UniProt]
Annexin V Antibody
F49707-0.4ML	NSJ Bioreagents	0.4 ml	322.15 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade. [UniProt]
Annexin V Antibody
GWB-70457E	GenWay Biotech	0.1 mg	Ask for price
Annexin V Antibody
GWB-BA41FA	GenWay Biotech	0.1 mg	Ask for price
Annexin V Antibody
R30176	NSJ Bioreagents	100 ug	356.15 EUR
Description: Annexin V is also know as endonnexin II (ENX2),or placental protein 4 (PP4). It is a member of the family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, known as annexins. It bind to the phospholipids that are preferentially located on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. Annexin V has a relative molecular weight of about 35,000. The gene lies on mouse chromosome 3 in close linkage with the fibroblast growth factor 2(basic) gene and is syntenic with other genes known to have orthologous counterparts on human chromosome 4q. The cDNA encoded a protein of 320 amino acid residues. A single mRNA, approximately 1.6 kb long, was found to be expressed in human cell lines and placenta. It is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade.
Annexin V Antibody
R31475	NSJ Bioreagents	100 ug	356.15 EUR
Description: Annexin V or A5 has been proposed to play a role in the inhibition of blood coagulation by competing for phosphatidylserine binding sites with prothrombin and also to inhibit the activity of phospholipase A1. This protein is an anticoagulant protein, it can form a shield around negatively-charged phospholipid molecules, the formation of an Annexin V shield blocks the entry of phospholipids into coagulation (clotting) reactions. Annexin AV can also act as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade.
Annexin V Antibody
RQ5261	NSJ Bioreagents	100ul	356.15 EUR
Description: The protein encoded by the ANXA5 gene belongs to the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins some of which have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. Annexin 5 is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel activity and a potential role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. Annexin 5 has also been described as placental anticoagulant protein I, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, endonexin II, lipocortin V, placental protein 4 and anchorin CII. [RefSeq]
Annexin V Antibody
MBS8504546-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	305 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS8504546-01mLAF405L	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405L)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS8504546-01mLAF405S	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405S)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS8504546-01mLAF610	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF610)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS8504546-01mLAF635	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF635)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS852324-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	345 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS852324-01mLAF405L	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405L)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS852324-01mLAF405S	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405S)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS852324-01mLAF610	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF610)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS852324-01mLAF635	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF635)	565 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS5311273-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	590 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS5311273-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	2615 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS5312528-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	975 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS5312528-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	4245 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS9436121-005mL	MyBiosource	0.05mL	325 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS9436121-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	435 EUR
Annexin V Antibody
MBS9436121-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	1810 EUR
Annexin V antibody
PAab09988	Nova Lifetech	100ug	275 EUR
Annexin V, Recombinant
20014	AAT Bioquest	100 ug	227 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.
Annexin V, Recombinant
20014-100ug	AAT Bioquest	100 ug	222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.
Annexin V, Recombinant
20015	AAT Bioquest	1 mg	1540 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.
Annexin V, Recombinant
20015-1mg	AAT Bioquest	1 mg	1509 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.
[KO Validated] Annexin A5/Annexin V Rabbit pAb
A1728	Abclonal	50μL	343.62 EUR
Annexin V Mouse mAb
E2221242	EnoGene	100ul	225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V ELISA kit
55R-IB49646	Fitzgerald	96 wells	1413.6 EUR
Description: ELISA kit for the detection of Annexin V in the research laboratory
Annexin V ELISA kit
55R-ORG643	Fitzgerald	96 wells	390 EUR
Description: ELISA kit for the detection of Annexin V in the research laboratory
Annexin V Mouse mAb
E2222039	EnoGene	100ul	255 EUR
Description: Biotin-Conjugated, FITC-Conjugated , AF350 Conjugated , AF405M-Conjugated ,AF488-Conjugated, AF514-Conjugated ,AF532-Conjugated, AF555-Conjugated ,AF568-Conjugated , HRP-Conjugated, AF405S-Conjugated, AF405L-Conjugated , AF546-Conjugated, AF594-Conjugated , AF610-Conjugated, AF635-Conjugated , AF647-Conjugated , AF680-Conjugated , AF700-Conjugated , AF750-Conjugated , AF790-Conjugated , APC-Conjugated , PE-Conjugated , Cy3-Conjugated , Cy5-Conjugated , Cy5.5-Conjugated , Cy7-Conjugated Antibody
Annexin V Mouse mAb
MBS8539447-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	305 EUR
Annexin V Mouse mAb
MBS8539447-01mLAF405L	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405L)	565 EUR
Annexin V Mouse mAb
MBS8539447-01mLAF405S	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405S)	565 EUR
Annexin V Mouse mAb
MBS8539447-01mLAF610	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF610)	565 EUR
Annexin V Mouse mAb
MBS8539447-01mLAF635	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF635)	565 EUR
Recombinant human Annexin A5/Annexin V/ANXA5 Protein
MBS9144087-002mg	MyBiosource	0.02mg	175 EUR
Recombinant human Annexin A5/Annexin V/ANXA5 Protein
MBS9144087-005mg	MyBiosource	0.05mg	220 EUR
Recombinant human Annexin A5/Annexin V/ANXA5 Protein
MBS9144087-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	280 EUR
Recombinant human Annexin A5/Annexin V/ANXA5 Protein
MBS9144087-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	1090 EUR
Recombinant Human ANXA5 / Annexin V / Annexin A5 Protein
MBS2546253-002mg	MyBiosource	0.02mg	270 EUR
Recombinant Human ANXA5 / Annexin V / Annexin A5 Protein
MBS2546253-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	690 EUR
Recombinant Human ANXA5 / Annexin V / Annexin A5 Protein
MBS2546253-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	3105 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
E2381706	EnoGene	100ul	225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
E2382841	EnoGene	100ul	225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V Rabbit mAb
E2R22841	EnoGene	100ul	255 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
Annexin V Dyomics 647
EXB0023	ExBio	100 tests	220 EUR
Mouse anti annexin V
MBS570186-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	515 EUR
Mouse anti annexin V
MBS570186-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	2165 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8575979-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	305 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8575979-01mLAF405L	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405L)	565 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8575979-01mLAF405S	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405S)	565 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8575979-01mLAF610	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF610)	565 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8575979-01mLAF635	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF635)	565 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8543170-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	305 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8543170-01mLAF405L	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405L)	565 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8543170-01mLAF405S	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF405S)	565 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8543170-01mLAF610	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF610)	565 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit pAb
MBS8543170-01mLAF635	MyBiosource	0.1mL(AF635)	565 EUR
Annexin V Dyomics 647
MBS1802115-100Tests	MyBiosource	100Tests	325 EUR
Annexin V Dyomics 647
MBS1802115-5x100Tests	MyBiosource	5x100Tests	1210 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit mAb
MBS4752495-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	450 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit mAb
MBS4752495-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	1540 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit mAb
MBS9466796-005mL	MyBiosource	0.05mL	290 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit mAb
MBS9466796-01mL	MyBiosource	0.1mL	435 EUR
Annexin V Rabbit mAb
MBS9466796-5x01mL	MyBiosource	5x0.1mL	1810 EUR
Annexin V-PE Reagent
1014-1000	Biovision	each	1358.4 EUR
Annexin V-PE Reagent
1014-200	Biovision	each	483.6 EUR
Annexin V-PE Reagent
E-CK-A115-100Tests	Elabscience Biotech	100 Tests	190 EUR
Annexin V-PE Reagent
E-CK-A115-200Tests	Elabscience Biotech	200 Tests	298 EUR
Annexin V-PE Reagent
E-CK-A115-500Tests	Elabscience Biotech	500 Tests	660 EUR
Annexin V-PE Reagent
E-CK-A115-50Tests	Elabscience Biotech	50 Tests	110 EUR
Annexin V Solution (PE)
abx095273-100l	Abbexa	100 µl	350 EUR

Pregnenolone co-treatment partially restores steroidogenesis, but does not prevent growth inhibition and increased atresia in mouse ovarian antral follicles treated with mono-hydroxy methoxychlor.

Mono-hydroxy methoxychlor (mono-OH MXC) is a metabolite of the pesticide, methoxychlor (MXC). Although MXC is known to decrease antral follicle numbers, and increase follicle death in rodents, not much is known about the ovarian effects of mono-OH MXC. Previous studies indicate that mono-OH MXC inhibits mouse antral follicle growth, increases follicle death, and inhibits steroidogenesis in vitro.

Further, previous studies indicate that CYP11A1 expression and production of progesterone (P4) may be the early targets of mono-OH MXC in the steroidogenic pathway. Thus, this study tested whether supplementing pregnenolone, the precursor of progesterone and the substrate for HSD3B, would prevent decreased steroidogenesis, inhibited follicle growth, and increased follicle atresia in mono-OH MXC-treated follicles. Mouse antral follicles were exposed to vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide), mono-OH MXC (10 μg/mL), pregnenolone (1 μg/mL), or mono-OH MXC and pregnenolone together for 96 h.

Levels of P4, androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), and 17β-estradiol (E2) in media were determined, and follicles were processed for histological evaluation of atresia. Pregnenolone treatment alone stimulated production of all steroid hormones except E2.

Mono-OH MXC-treated follicles had decreased sex steroids, but when given pregnenolone, produced levels of P4, A, T, and E1 that were comparable to those in vehicle-treated follicles. Pregnenolone treatment did not prevent growth inhibition and increased atresia in mono-OH MXC-treated follicles. Collectively, these data support the idea that the most upstream effect of mono-OH MXC on steroidogenesis is by reducing the availability of pregnenolone, and that adding pregnenolone may not be sufficient to prevent inhibited follicle growth and survival.