Addition of magnesium chloride to enhance mono-dispersity of a coiled-coil recombinant mouse macrophage protein.

X-ray crystallography for the determination of three-dimensional structures of protein macromolecules represents an important tool in function assignment of uncharacterized proteins.

However, crystallisation is often difficult to achieve. A protein sample fully characterized in terms of dispersity may increase the likelihood of successful crystallisation by improving the predictability of the crystallisation process. To maximize the probability of crystallisation of a novel mouse macrophage protein (rMMP), target molecule was characterized and refined to improve monodispersity.

Addition of MgCl2 at low concentrations resolves the rMMP into a monodisperse solution, and finally successful crystallization of rMMP was achieved. The effect of MgCl2 was studied using gel filtration chromatography and dynamic light scattering.

Annexin V

E8ET1702-62 EnoGene 100ul 275 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V

Annv Clemente Associates LLC 2 ML 367.5 EUR

Annexin V

ANXVCFB-200T ImmunoStep 200 test 350.9 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome

Annexin V

ANXVDY-200T ImmunoStep 200 test 287.1 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome

Annexin V

ANXVF-200T ImmunoStep 200 test 259.6 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome

Annexin V

ANXVPE-200T ImmunoStep 200 test 287.1 EUR
Description: Annexin V conjugate in the selected fluorochrome

Annexin V

abx095275-100l Abbexa 100 µl 443.75 EUR

Annexin V

abx095275-1ml Abbexa 1 ml Ask for price

Annexin V

abx095275-200l Abbexa 200 µl Ask for price

Annexin V 647

E16FXP023a-100T EnoGene 100 tests 433.33 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin A5/Annexin V Rabbit mAb

A9262 Abclonal 200μL 213.2 EUR
Description: Recombinant fusion protein containing a sequence corresponding to amino acids 165-225 of human CD79a (NP_001774.1).

Annexin A5 (Annexin V) (VAC-alpha)

MC-250 Kamiya Biomedical Company VAA-33 Ask for price

Annexin V (PE)

abx090613-100tests Abbexa 100 tests 644.4 EUR

Annexin V PE

EXB0027 ExBio 100 tests 198 EUR

Annexin V (APC)

abx090615-100tests Abbexa 100 tests 718.8 EUR

Annexin V APC

EXB0028 ExBio 100 tests 198 EUR

Annexin V (APC)

abx090615-100l Abbexa 100 µl 537.5 EUR

Annexin V (APC)

abx090615-1ml Abbexa 1 ml Ask for price

Annexin V (APC)

abx090615-200l Abbexa 200 µl Ask for price

Annexin V (FITC)

abx090611-100tests Abbexa 100 tests 510 EUR

Annexin V- FITC

E16FXP018a-100T EnoGene 100 tests 400 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V FITC

EXB0024 ExBio 100 tests 165 EUR

Annexin V, Human

E34M143H EnoGene 5 μg 155 EUR

Annexin V siRNA

20-abx900343 Abbexa
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

Annexin V siRNA

20-abx907673 Abbexa
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

Annexin V siRNA

20-abx907674 Abbexa
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

Annexin V, sulforhodamine 101 conjugate (Texas-Red Annexin V)

29002 Biotium 0.5ML 332.4 EUR
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 0.5ML

Annexin V antibody

10R-7939 Fitzgerald 100 ug 444 EUR
Description: Mouse monoclonal Annexin V antibody

Annexin V antibody

20R-1522 Fitzgerald 100 ug 781.2 EUR
Description: Rabbit polyclonal Annexin V antibody

Annexin V Antibody

3357-100 Biovision each 464.4 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

3357-30T Biovision each 175.2 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

49376 SAB 100ul 499 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

49376-100ul SAB 100ul 399.6 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

49376-50ul SAB 50ul 286.8 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

E2300787 EnoGene 100ug 225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V Antibody

DF6580 Affbiotech 200ul 420 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

DF6580-100ul Affinity Biosciences 100ul 280 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

DF6580-200ul Affinity Biosciences 200ul 350 EUR

Annexin V antibody

E39-09988 EnoGene 100ug/100ul 225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V Antibody

E300518 EnoGene 100ug/200ul 275 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V antibody

CAF50033-100ug Biomatik Corporation 100ug 312 EUR

Annexin V antibody

CAF50425-100ug Biomatik Corporation 100ug 338 EUR

Annexin V antibody

70R-13691 Fitzgerald 100 ug 519 EUR
Description: Affinity purified Rabbit polyclonal Annexin V antibody

Annexin V antibody

70R-11770 Fitzgerald 100 ug 447 EUR
Description: Rabbit polyclonal Annexin V antibody

Annexin V Antibody

GWB-70457E GenWay Biotech 0.1 mg Ask for price

Annexin V Antibody

GWB-BA41FA GenWay Biotech 0.1 mg Ask for price

Annexin V Antibody

F49706-0.08ML NSJ Bioreagents 0.08 ml 140.25 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 belongs to the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins some of which have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. Annexin 5 is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel activity and a potential role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. Annexin 5 has also been described as placental anticoagulant protein I, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, endonexin II, lipocortin V, placental protein 4 and anchorin CII.

Annexin V Antibody

F49706-0.4ML NSJ Bioreagents 0.4 ml 322.15 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 belongs to the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins some of which have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. Annexin 5 is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel activity and a potential role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. Annexin 5 has also been described as placental anticoagulant protein I, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, endonexin II, lipocortin V, placental protein 4 and anchorin CII.

Annexin V Antibody

F49707-0.08ML NSJ Bioreagents 0.08 ml 140.25 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade. [UniProt]

Annexin V Antibody

F49707-0.4ML NSJ Bioreagents 0.4 ml 322.15 EUR
Description: Annexin 5 is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade. [UniProt]

Annexin V antibody

PAab09988 Lifescience Market 100 ug 463.2 EUR

Annexin V Antibody

R30176 NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 356.15 EUR
Description: Annexin V is also know as endonnexin II (ENX2),or placental protein 4 (PP4). It is a member of the family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, known as annexins. It bind to the phospholipids that are preferentially located on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. Annexin V has a relative molecular weight of about 35,000. The gene lies on mouse chromosome 3 in close linkage with the fibroblast growth factor 2(basic) gene and is syntenic with other genes known to have orthologous counterparts on human chromosome 4q. The cDNA encoded a protein of 320 amino acid residues. A single mRNA, approximately 1.6 kb long, was found to be expressed in human cell lines and placenta. It is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade.

Annexin V Antibody

R31475 NSJ Bioreagents 100 ug 356.15 EUR
Description: Annexin V or A5 has been proposed to play a role in the inhibition of blood coagulation by competing for phosphatidylserine binding sites with prothrombin and also to inhibit the activity of phospholipase A1. This protein is an anticoagulant protein, it can form a shield around negatively-charged phospholipid molecules, the formation of an Annexin V shield blocks the entry of phospholipids into coagulation (clotting) reactions. Annexin AV can also act as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade.

Annexin V Antibody

RQ5261 NSJ Bioreagents 100ul 356.15 EUR
Description: The protein encoded by the ANXA5 gene belongs to the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins some of which have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. Annexin 5 is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel activity and a potential role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. Annexin 5 has also been described as placental anticoagulant protein I, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, endonexin II, lipocortin V, placental protein 4 and anchorin CII. [RefSeq]

Annexin V, Recombinant

20014 AAT Bioquest 100 ug 227 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V, Recombinant

20014-100ug AAT Bioquest 100 ug 222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V, Recombinant

20015 AAT Bioquest 1 mg 1540 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V, Recombinant

20015-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 1509 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V Mouse mAb

E2221242 EnoGene 100ul 225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V ELISA kit

55R-IB49646 Fitzgerald 96 wells 1413.6 EUR
Description: ELISA kit for the detection of Annexin V in the research laboratory

Annexin V ELISA kit

55R-ORG643 Fitzgerald 96 wells 390 EUR
Description: ELISA kit for the detection of Annexin V in the research laboratory

Annexin V Mouse mAb

E2222039 EnoGene 100ul 255 EUR
Description: Biotin-Conjugated, FITC-Conjugated , AF350 Conjugated , AF405M-Conjugated ,AF488-Conjugated, AF514-Conjugated ,AF532-Conjugated, AF555-Conjugated ,AF568-Conjugated , HRP-Conjugated, AF405S-Conjugated, AF405L-Conjugated , AF546-Conjugated, AF594-Conjugated , AF610-Conjugated, AF635-Conjugated , AF647-Conjugated , AF680-Conjugated , AF700-Conjugated , AF750-Conjugated , AF790-Conjugated , APC-Conjugated , PE-Conjugated , Cy3-Conjugated , Cy5-Conjugated , Cy5.5-Conjugated , Cy7-Conjugated Antibody

Annexin V Rabbit mAb

59326 SAB 100ul 339 EUR

Annexin V Rabbit pAb

E2381706 EnoGene 100ul 225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V Rabbit pAb

E2382841 EnoGene 100ul 225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V Rabbit mAb

E2R22841 EnoGene 100ul 255 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V Dyomics 647

EXB0023 ExBio 100 tests 220 EUR

Annexin V-PE Reagent

1014-1000 Biovision each 1358.4 EUR

Annexin V-PE Reagent

1014-200 Biovision each 483.6 EUR

Annexin V-PE Reagent

E-CK-A115-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-PE Reagent

E-CK-A115-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-PE Reagent

E-CK-A115-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-PE Reagent

E-CK-A115-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Annexin V Solution (PE)

abx095273-100l Abbexa 100 µl 350 EUR

Annexin V Solution (PE)

abx095273-1ml Abbexa 1 ml Ask for price

Annexin V Solution (PE)

abx095273-200l Abbexa 200 µl Ask for price

Annexin V-Cy3 Reagent

1002-1000 Biovision each 1358.4 EUR

Annexin V-Cy3 Reagent

1002-200 Biovision each 483.6 EUR

Annexin V-Cy5 Reagent

1013-1000 Biovision each 1358.4 EUR

Annexin V-Cy5 Reagent

1013-200 Biovision each 483.6 EUR

Annexin V, FITC Labeled

20030 AAT Bioquest 100 tests 227 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V, FITC Labeled

20030-100tests AAT Bioquest 100 tests 222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V-APC Reagent

E-CK-A117-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-APC Reagent

E-CK-A117-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-APC Reagent

E-CK-A117-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-APC Reagent

E-CK-A117-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Active Annexin V (ANXA5)

APA259Hu61 Cloud-Clone 10ug 331 EUR

Active Annexin V (ANXA5)

APA259Mu01 Cloud-Clone 10ug 228 EUR

Active Annexin V (ANXA5)

APA259Ra01 Cloud-Clone 10ug 232 EUR

Active Annexin V (ANXA5)

4-APA259Ra01 Cloud-Clone
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  • 100 ug
  • 10ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 500 ug
  • 50ug
  • 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Rat Annexin V expressed in: E.coli

Active Annexin V (ANXA5)

RPU55516-100ug Biomatik Corporation 100ug 918.5 EUR

Active Annexin V (ANXA5)

RPU55516-1mg Biomatik Corporation 1mg 3619.2 EUR

Active Annexin V (ANXA5)

RPU55516-50ug Biomatik Corporation 50ug 556.8 EUR

Annexin V Solution (APC)

abx095274-100l Abbexa 100 µl 350 EUR

Annexin V Solution (APC)

abx095274-1ml Abbexa 1 ml Ask for price

Annexin V Solution (APC)

abx095274-200l Abbexa 200 µl Ask for price

Annexin V-EGFP Reagent

1004-1000 Biovision each 1358.4 EUR

Annexin V-EGFP Reagent

1004-200 Biovision each 483.6 EUR

Annexin V-FITC Reagent

1001-1000 Biovision each 1495.2 EUR

Annexin V-FITC Reagent

1001-200 Biovision each 529.2 EUR

Annexin V, TRITC Labeled

20031-100tests AAT Bioquest 100 tests 222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V-FITC Reagent

E-CK-A111-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-FITC Reagent

E-CK-A111-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-FITC Reagent

E-CK-A111-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-FITC Reagent

E-CK-A111-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Annexin V-EGFP Reagent

E-CK-A119-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-EGFP Reagent

E-CK-A119-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-EGFP Reagent

E-CK-A119-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-EGFP Reagent

E-CK-A119-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Annexin V-HRP Antibody

E2700787 EnoGene 100ug 225 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Annexin V Antibody (FITC)

GWB-22DB78 GenWay Biotech 100 TESTS Ask for price

anti- Annexin V antibody

FNab09988 FN Test 100µg 658.5 EUR
Description: Antibody raised against Annexin V

anti- Annexin V antibody

FNab00436 FN Test 100µg 606.3 EUR
Description: Antibody raised against Annexin V

anti- Annexin V antibody

FNab00437 FN Test 100µg 606.3 EUR
Description: Antibody raised against Annexin V

Annexin V Binding Assay

TBS2108 Tribioscience 100 tests 200 EUR

Annexin V Solution (FITC)

abx095272-100l Abbexa 100 µl 300 EUR

Annexin V Solution (FITC)

abx095272-1ml Abbexa 1 ml Ask for price

Annexin V Solution (FITC)

abx095272-200l Abbexa 200 µl 800 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

20-abx109257 Abbexa
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  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

20-abx109540 Abbexa
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  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

20-abx110998 Abbexa
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 150 ul
  • 50 ul

Annexin V Binding Buffer

abx090621-100tests Abbexa 100 tests 343.2 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

20-abx121016 Abbexa
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  • Ask for price
  • 100 ul
  • 200 ul
  • 30 ul

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx037408-100ug Abbexa 100 ug 469.2 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx038319-100ug Abbexa 100 ug 469.2 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx032878-400ul Abbexa 400 ul 627.6 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx032878-80l Abbexa 80 µl 343.2 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx032879-400ul Abbexa 400 ul 627.6 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx032879-80l Abbexa 80 µl 343.2 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

20-abx001443 Abbexa
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  • 100 ul
  • 200 ul
  • 20 ul
  • 50 ul

Annexin V, FITC Conjugate

29001 Biotium 0.5ML 274 EUR
Description: BSA from bovine serum (cow; Bos taurus), Annexin V (recombinant produced in E. coli)

Annexin V, FITC Conjugate

29001-1 Biotium EA 274 EUR

Annexin V-Cy3 conjugate

20065-100Tests AAT Bioquest 100 Tests 222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V-Cy5 conjugate

20066-100Tests AAT Bioquest 100 Tests 222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V-Cy5.5 conjugate

20067-100Tests AAT Bioquest 100 Tests 222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V-Cy7 conjugate

20068-100Tests AAT Bioquest 100 Tests 222 EUR
Description: Annexins are a family of proteins that bind to phospholipid membranes in the presence of calcium.

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx230436-100ug Abbexa 100 ug 577.2 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx230437-100ug Abbexa 100 ug 577.2 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx412125-01mg Abbexa 0.1 mg 1078.8 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx414511-01mg Abbexa 0.1 mg 526.8 EUR

Annexin V-AF647 Reagent

E-CK-A113-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-AF647 Reagent

E-CK-A113-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-AF647 Reagent

E-CK-A113-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-AF647 Reagent

E-CK-A113-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Annexin V-EV450 Reagent

E-CK-A133-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-EV450 Reagent

E-CK-A133-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-EV450 Reagent

E-CK-A133-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-EV450 Reagent

E-CK-A133-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Annexin V-EV500 Reagent

E-CK-A135-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-EV500 Reagent

E-CK-A135-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-EV500 Reagent

E-CK-A135-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-EV500 Reagent

E-CK-A135-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Annexin V-AF488 Reagent

E-CK-A137-100T Elabscience Biotech 100T 190 EUR

Annexin V-AF488 Reagent

E-CK-A137-200T Elabscience Biotech 200T 298 EUR

Annexin V-AF488 Reagent

E-CK-A137-500T Elabscience Biotech 500T 660 EUR

Annexin V-AF488 Reagent

E-CK-A137-50T Elabscience Biotech 50T 110 EUR

Annexin V-ER780 Reagent

E-CK-A139-100Tests Elabscience Biotech 100 Tests 190 EUR

Annexin V-ER780 Reagent

E-CK-A139-200Tests Elabscience Biotech 200 Tests 298 EUR

Annexin V-ER780 Reagent

E-CK-A139-500Tests Elabscience Biotech 500 Tests 660 EUR

Annexin V-ER780 Reagent

E-CK-A139-50Tests Elabscience Biotech 50 Tests 110 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx001443-100l Abbexa 100 µl 475 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx001443-20l Abbexa 20 µl 200 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx001443-50l Abbexa 50 µl 325 EUR

Annexin V Binding Buffer

abx090621-100l Abbexa 100 µl 212.5 EUR

Annexin V Binding Buffer

abx090621-1ml Abbexa 1 ml Ask for price

Annexin V Binding Buffer

abx090621-200l Abbexa 200 µl Ask for price

Annexin V Solution (DY647)

abx095271-100l Abbexa 100 µl 375 EUR

Annexin V Solution (DY647)

abx095271-1ml Abbexa 1 ml Ask for price

Annexin V Solution (DY647)

abx095271-200l Abbexa 200 µl 1000 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx109257-100l Abbexa 100 µl 162.5 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx109540-100l Abbexa 100 µl 162.5 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx110998-100l Abbexa 100 µl 612.5 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx037408-96tests Abbexa 96 tests 337.5 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx038319-50mg Abbexa 50 mg 337.5 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx032878-400l Abbexa 400 µl 518.75 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx032879-400l Abbexa 400 µl 518.75 EUR

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx148212-1096tests Abbexa 10 × 96 tests Ask for price

Annexin V (ANXA5) Antibody

abx148212-596tests Abbexa 5 × 96 tests Ask for price

Pregnenolone co-treatment partially restores steroidogenesis, but does not prevent growth inhibition and increased atresia in mouse ovarian antral follicles treated with mono-hydroxy methoxychlor.

Mono-hydroxy methoxychlor (mono-OH MXC) is a metabolite of the pesticide, methoxychlor (MXC). Although MXC is known to decrease antral follicle numbers, and increase follicle death in rodents, not much is known about the ovarian effects of mono-OH MXC. Previous studies indicate that mono-OH MXC inhibits mouse antral follicle growth, increases follicle death, and inhibits steroidogenesis in vitro.

Further, previous studies indicate that CYP11A1 expression and production of progesterone (P4) may be the early targets of mono-OH MXC in the steroidogenic pathway. Thus, this study tested whether supplementing pregnenolone, the precursor of progesterone and the substrate for HSD3B, would prevent decreased steroidogenesis, inhibited follicle growth, and increased follicle atresia in mono-OH MXC-treated follicles. Mouse antral follicles were exposed to vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide), mono-OH MXC (10 μg/mL), pregnenolone (1 μg/mL), or mono-OH MXC and pregnenolone together for 96 h.

Levels of P4, androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), and 17β-estradiol (E2) in media were determined, and follicles were processed for histological evaluation of atresia. Pregnenolone treatment alone stimulated production of all steroid hormones except E2.

Mono-OH MXC-treated follicles had decreased sex steroids, but when given pregnenolone, produced levels of P4, A, T, and E1 that were comparable to those in vehicle-treated follicles. Pregnenolone treatment did not prevent growth inhibition and increased atresia in mono-OH MXC-treated follicles. Collectively, these data support the idea that the most upstream effect of mono-OH MXC on steroidogenesis is by reducing the availability of pregnenolone, and that adding pregnenolone may not be sufficient to prevent inhibited follicle growth and survival.